We develop and optimize anaerobic bioreactor systems to recover high-value products, including carboxylic acids, alcohols, and bioplastics, from organic waste streams and lignocellulosic biomass. Specifically, biofilm bioreactors such as anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactors are attractive for biological wastewater treatment and resource recovery due to their enhanced microbial activity, high volumetric production rate, low cost, and low energy requirements.